WebbAlign Publications List: Depth of Knowledge Framework, Alignment Methodology, and Technical Reports

Online Resources

Webb, N.L. (2009) Design of Content Alignment Studies in Mathematics and Reading for 12th Grade NAEP and other Assessments to be used Preparedness Research Studies, National Assessment Governing Board, Wisconsin Center of Education Research,  University of Wisconsin-Madison

Webb, N.L. (2007)  Issues Related to Judging the Alignment of Curriculum Standards and Assessments MEASUREMENT IN EDUCATION, 20(1), 7–25 Copyright © 2007, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Wisconsin Center for Education Research,  University of Wisconsin–Madison

Webb, N.L (2002) An Analysis of the Alignment Between Mathematics Standards and Assessments for Three States Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana April 1-5, 2002. Wisconsin Center for Education Research University of Wisconsin-Madison

Webb N.L. (1997) Research Monograph No. 6 Criteria for Alignment of Expectations and Assessments in Mathematics and Science Education. Wisconsin Center for Education Research University of Wisconsin-Madison

Webb N.L (1999) Research Monograph No. 18 Alignment of Science and Mathematics Standards and Assessment in Four States, while working on the National Institute for Science Education University of Wisconsin-Madison Council of Chief State School Officers Washington, DC August, 1999

Webb N.L.(1997) Research Monograph No 8  Criteria for Alignment of Expectations and Assessments in Mathematics and Science Education Council of Chief State School Officers Washington, DC


Webb N.L. (1997)  Determining Alignment of Expectations and Assessments in Mathematics and Science Education Wisconsin Center for Education Research University of Wisconsin-Madison

Webb, N., Christopherson, S., and Morelan, B. (2023) An Inside Look at Webb's Depth of Knowledge Edutopia. George Lucas Educational Foundation 

Christopherson, S. (2023) Differentiating Difficulty from Complexity to Support Intended Uses of Learning Progressions. Paper presented at the 2023 Annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education

Christopherson, S. (2024) Complexity and Difficulty in a Coherent Standards-Based Education System. Paper presented at the National Conference on Student Assessment (NCSA) 2024

Literature Resources

Webb, N. L. (1999) State A: Alignment between standards and assessments in science for grades 3 and 8 and mathematics for grades 3 and 6. Project paper for Council of Chief State School Officers and National Institute for Science Education. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Institute for Science Education, April 30, 1999.

Webb, N. L. (2002) Alignment study in language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies of state standards and assessments for four states. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, December, 2002.

Webb, N. L. (1999) State D: Alignment between standards and assessments in science for grades 3, 7, and 10 and mathematics for grades 4 and 8. Project paper for Council of Chief State School Officers and National Institute for Science Education. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Institute for Science Education, April 30, 1999.

Webb, N. M., Herman, J. L., & Webb, N. L. (2007).  Alignment of mathematics’ state-level standards and assessments: The role of reviewer agreement. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 26, 17-29.

Webb, N. L., Alt, M., Ely, R., Cormier, M, & Vesperman, B. (2005) The Web Alignment Tool: Development, refinement, and dissemination. In Aligning Assessment to Guide the Learning of All Students. Six Reports. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, December, 2005.

Webb, N. L. (2007)  Mathematics content specification in the age of assessment. In Lester, F. K., Jr. (Ed.), Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc., March 2007.

Webb, N. L. (2006). Identifying content for assessing student achievement. Chapter 8. In S. M. Downing & T. M. Haladyna (Eds.), Handbook of test development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.

Webb, N. L. (1999) Judging alignment of assessments and expectations in a mathematics education system. In O. Björkqvist (Ed.), Quality aspects of mathematics and science education. Reports from the Faculty of Education, No. 5. Vasa, Finland: Åbo Akademi University, 1999.

Roach, A. T., Elliott, S. N., & Webb, N. L. (2005) Alignment of an alternate assessment with state academic standards: Evidence for the content validity of the Wisconsin alternate assessment. The Journal of Special Education, 38, 4, Winter 2005, 218-231.

Webb, N. L. (1999) State B: Alignment between standards and assessments in mathematics for grades 4, 8 and 10. Project paper for Council of Chief State School Officers and National Institute for Science Education. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Institute for Science Education, April 30, 1999.

Webb, N. L. (1999) State C: Alignment between standards and assessments in science for grades 4 and 8 and mathematics for grades 4 and 8. Project paper for Council of Chief State School Officers and National Institute for Science Education. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Institute for Science Education, April 30, 1999.